Walmart Business Analysis

Walmart Business Analysis Substance (Jump to) Walmart’s Current Strategy Authoritative structure, culture, and control frameworks SWOT Analysis for Walmart Porter’s Five Analysis of Walmart Key Strategic Issues at Walmart Individual SWOT Analysis Monetary Analysis of Walmart Suggestions Walmart store Inc. isn't just the retail goliath, yet in addition is the biggest staple chain on the planet. Walmart store Inc. was established in 1962. Samuel Walton and his sibling J.L. Walton open their first Walmart Discount City in Rogers, Arkansas (Walmart History, 2010). For Walmart store Inc., their regular strategic: Save individuals cash so they can live better (Walmart corporate, 2010). Contrasted and their primary rivals, for example, Target and K store, Walmarts 2009 deals were practically half more. On account of its goliath size and purchasing power, Walmart can purchase its items at extremely low costs, trading high buy volumes for minimal effort at that point passing the investment funds onto its clients (Wikinvest Walmart, 2010). Walmart has 8,900 stores the world over in three diverse business portions of retail locations that including: Walmart stores, Sams Club and Walmart worldwide. Every one of them offer various types of stocks including electronic machines, food supplies, furniture, attire and wellbeing magnificence stuffs and so on. For their business section, they have over 54% of the companys stores are situated in the United States, and the others global stores are for the most part situated in focal and south America and China. The organization principally centers around offering the most reduced costs to draw in its shoppers. Walmart completely earned $408 billion income in 2010, increment 1% contrast with 2009 (Wikinvest Walmart, 2010). In 2009, Walmart earned $255.7 billion in the local fragment of the companys income. For Walmart stores portion are further classes into three unique configurations including: Supercenters, Discount stores and Neighborhood Stores. For the Sams club, it is the second biggest enrollment just retailer club ( Costco is the principal biggest participation just retailer) in United States have a place with Walmart Inc., their primary clients generally are workplaces, comfort stores, inns, eateries and schools and so on. (Wikinvest Walmart, 2010). Until further notice, Walmart has all out 3,121 worldwide stores everywhere throughout the world remembering for Mexico, Japan, Canada, China and nations in focal and South America. Be that as it may, as of late Walmart hinders their development rate in the United State and turn their fundamental center onto its universal stores to create development. For global stores areas out and out earned absolute $98.6 billion income in 2009, contrasted with the deals of 2008, is expanded 9.1% (Wikinvest Walmart, 2010). Vital History of the Industry The entire retail industry in the United States has over $4 trillion yearly income. The principle retail organizations are including Walmart, Home Depot, Kroger, Costco, and Target. A portion of the huge organizations command some retail parts, for example, mass merchandisers and markets, different divisions like vehicle vendors and accommodation stores are divided. In any case, retail industry despite everything has numerous little and claim to fame retailers are single-store activities (Hoover, 2011). The economy profoundly influences the retail request. As it were, retail request relies upon the economy. A wide range of sorts of financial factors, for example, work development, downturn, individual pay, shopper certainty and loan fees can unequivocally influence buyer spending conduct. While during recessionary periods, the awful economy can influence the retail deals development rate moderate definitely or even deals income decay. While the retail spending develops quickly when in the time of solid economy development, for instance purchasers will spend more on basic food item when they have more salary. In any case, the increasing loan fees will influence buyer buy conduct and purchaser capacity to fund enormous measure of procurement, for example, buying vehicles (Hoover, 2011). Key History of Walmart Store Inc. In the beginning time of key history for Walmart, they generally unaltered their vision in every case low cost for their clients. Until 1990s, Walmart reported that they wanted to go worldwide. They needed to search for universal markets for the reasons as following: First of all, Walmart has confronting exceptionally solid rivalry in United States, for example, Target and K store. These two firms had forceful extending their business and had begun sharing Walmarts piece of the overall industry. Furthermore, the market in the United States is now soaked; it was getting hard for the organization to proceed with its development rate. Thirdly, the US populace is represented just 4% of the universes populace and in the event that they need to extend their worldwide market, China had the possible enormous development because of their gigantic populace of over 1.3 billion individuals. The last explanation is, globalization opened up new markets in China and made open doors for rebate store s, for example, Walmart (Walmarts Cost Leadership Strategy, 2004). Then again, Walmart is utilizing the procedure that helps out nearby providers to buy their items, despite the fact that the hierarchical culture is normalized with the nation of origin. This procedure isn't just use to the items buying, yet in addition adjusted to the nearby societies and stores enrichment and planned are additionally changed to meet neighborhood taste all around the globe (Walmarts Cost Leadership Strategy, 2004). Authoritative statement of purpose As we probably am aware, the statement of purpose for Walmart is each day low cost. So as to demand their strategic, executed three methodologies in the market. To start with, it expanded the neighborhood buying so as to diminish the buying costs and furthermore suit purchasers needs in better places. Furthermore, it kept up a decent connection with their providers, fulfilled them by paying inside 3-7 days during its underlying years. Thirdly, it set up dispersion focuses (DC) and automated its administration framework to improve productivity and diminish costs (ICFAI, 2005). Business Level Strategy For these quite a long while, Walmart has been making a decent attempt on extend its stores outside the United States. It through two diverse to grow their global business advertise: new store development and securing. Securing methodology of general store chains had been a piece of Walmarts passage andâ store development procedure in Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Japan, China and Great Britain (The Walmart Puzzle, 2008). Over all, the Walmart techniques were including: numerous store sections, lower every day costs, bunches of name-brand stock, decrease working costs, underscored clients fulfilled help, wide determination items, taught venture into new geographic markets, and utilizing obtaining to enter remote market (Walmart Store Inc., 2010). In any case, regardless of Walmart are in which outside nation, their organization vision in every case low costs is rarely changed. The companys low appropriation expenses and cost-proficient gracefully chain the executives are the integral reasons why Walmart is so achievement and simultaneously lessen the items costs. Walmart has get into conveyance productivity contrast and their rivals due to its provincial store areas. Current procedure for the significant activities/elements of the organization Current procedures for Walmart are including low costs, high volume, increment consumer loyalty and extension system. Walmart makes name acknowledgment and consumer loyalty, and consolidated the retailer with the notoriety of offering the best costs. They likewise extend their new business portions to various segments, for example, drug stores, car fix, and basic food item deals to build their business income. Extension procedure: The organization understood that building another store will take into consideration increment piece of the pie esteem. After their accomplishment in the country zones, Walmart moved to urban territories and afterward moved to encompassing regions. The extension procedure made Walmart the main retail location in the United States. As Walmart proceed with its development locally, the firm chose to go universal. Besides, Walmart understood that gaining a current retail firm is vital for extend residential and global markets. Subsequently, Walmart by get retail location which empower to grow locally and universally. Continuously low costs make clients live better methodology is accepted the most grounded system utilized by Walmart. The firm built up managing the producer and with the force control by Walmart will empower it to get the best arrangement from the makers and providers. Authoritative structure, culture, and control frameworks Setting aside individuals cash to assist them with living better was the mission for Walmart. Thus, Walmart arranges various providers and understanding their cost structure so as to decrease the cost. Walmart must be sure that the makers were giving a valiant effort to reduce down expenses. Likewise, Walmart had confidence in setting up a drawn out relationship with their providers. Walmart had 129 dissemination habitats situated at various areas everywhere throughout the US. More than 80,000 things were loaded in these focuses. Walmarts own distribution centers legitimately provided 85 percent of the stock, when contrasted with 50-65 % for contenders. Delivery costs for Walmart is around 3 % which is lower than its rivals, 5%. The appropriation places guaranteed a consistent and predictable progression of items to help the gracefully work (Walmarts Cost Leadership Strategy, 2004). Walmarts coordinations foundation was its quick and effective transportation framework. The dissemination habitats were adjusted by in excess of 3,500 organization possessed trucks. To make its conveyance procedure increasingly effective, Walmart likewise utilizes a coordinations method called cross-docking. In this framework, the completed merchandise were straightforwardly gotten from the assembling plant from providers, and afterward legitimately provided to the clients. The framework diminished the taking care of and capacity of completed merchandise, elimina

Effects of gambling Essay Example for Free

Impacts of betting Essay What are the Odds? With garish lights, modest smorgasbords, and free lodgings; proprietors of club utilize these things as a trick to pull individuals in. In an examination by Dr. Weinstock, it was discovered that when betting, the situation is anything but favorable for the player. The chances of a school competitor turning into a master football player are 3,000 to 1, the chances of being struck by lightning are 280,000 to 1, the chances of winning a Powerball big stake are 140,000,000 to 1 (Weinstock). Betting is an unpredictable and captivating human action. It has been in presence for a few thousand years. Club are presently found all over the place and betting has become a recreational action for a wide range of individuals. Betting can be damaging to individuals and networks; anyway betting can be a positive diversion since it gives amusement and unwinding. It is a well known action since individuals discover it so pleasurable. The United States History of Gambling load up did an examination shows that thirty-eight percent of Americans will go to Las Vegas in the course of their life (History of Gambling in the United States). Individuals go on excursions to places like Las Vegas or Reno Nevada, which are two significant urban areas for betting, to bet for the sake of entertainment. It’s a pleasant action. Individuals can take an interest in various kinds of betting; those with immediate prizes or scratch cards, gaming machines, wagering on games, wagering on exceptional occasions, broadcast lotteries and customary lotteries. Betting can be certain and negative thus: economy, fixation, unsafe to the adolescent, and grants. Betting goes after individuals who are poor, tricking them with the guarantee of an actual existence liberated from money related concerns and weights. In a physiological report, 60% of club income originates from speculators making under $25,000 every year (Nance-Nash). Thus, chapter 11 rates are 100 percent higher in regions with gambling clubs than in provinces without gambling clubs. While gambling clubs may get charge income, this is maybe the most exceedingly awful type of backward tax assessment conceivable (Nance-Nash). The most unfortunate of the populace are the ones subsidizing this duty income. On a progressively positive note, the guideline of the economy is a positive for betting. Any place there is a gambling club, there is individuals going through cash. At the point when individuals win cash, they use it to buy things, therefore returning the cash to the economy. Through guideline of the economy, new schools and emergency clinics can be built due to the expanded assets brought about by betting expenses. With the making of new club, different organizations in the territory are frequently compelled to close down. In spite of the fact that betting foundations may give the travel industry a lift, there may likewise be an expansion in crime percentages, which obviously isn’t a positive change. With more individuals going through a town or city, there are more chances to carry out wrongdoings without getting captured. Betting addicts can go to robberies, theft, misrepresentation and misappropriation just to get additionally betting cash. The advantages to neighborhood organizations might be exaggerated, since numerous vacationers will restrict their exercises to gambling clubs and may not go through their cash somewhere else. Club are terrible, in light of the fact that when individuals become dependent, it detracts from the economy by giving recovery, food, and lodging help. As certain individuals see betting foundations as giving occupations, the action additionally removes employments. Individuals who become dangerous players become so dependent that they feel like that can’t do whatever else other than wagering. Thus, this makes individuals lose their employment in consequence of this compulsion. half of undergrads were either issue or plausible obsessive players (Weinstock). Taking a gander at betting from an alternate point; when these foundations are manufactured, other land, for example, lodgings and eateries are added to the network. These organizations give more employments. . Gambling clubs are a positive in light of the employments they give. Such occupations include: sellers, safety crew, janitors, and performers. By giving more occupations, club help increment the populace in a territory. Occupations in the club business are frequently generously compensated employments. Gambling clubs make an extraordinary expansion to a city with summary zones since they empower guests and sightseers. Betting addicts not exclusively harm themselves yet to their families. Betting addicts remove a ton of time from their families and companions. Whats more terrible is that they may even be going through their cash as well as cash for their familys every day costs or for their children training. Dependent card sharks neglect to perceive this and are possibly engaged in getting more money when in actuality, theyre simply losing more. Betting seriously influences family life. Separation, kid disregard and suicides are results of betting addictions. The sanctioning of betting isn't an issue, individuals who become dependent bring the issues and enduring upon themselves. An absence of self-restraint can prompt money related issues. Americas betting dependence isn’t excessively far behind the nation’s tranquilize issue, and it’s developing (Nance-Nash). In the United States there are 15 million Americans dependent on betting and 23 million dependent on medications or liquor so the issue of individuals being dependent on betting isn't as terrible as it might look. Additionally, there is a straightforward fix to betting and that is to simply quit going to club. Medications have hurtful impacts and are a lot harder to break that enslavement. The key for society is to locate its correct parity. Besides, individuals ought to know about the drawbacks of betting so they take an interest with some restraint. Betting is fun and compensating yet dangerous as well, in the event that one doesnt realize how to deal with it. As an adolescent, the paces of being in danger for issue betting can be a few times higher than a grown-up. Betting has become an issue since small children, not yet mature enough to bet are currently partaking in this destructive movement, wrongfully. Huang found through research that understudies who bet are in danger of acquiring different addictions, for example, hard-core boozing, maryjane use, cigarette use, and perilous sex. (Huang) Living in the continually changing occasions of today, innovation has made putting down wagers simpler than any time in recent memory. Understudies are subject to participate in betting on the grounds that it is esteemed socially satisfactory. As is it glamorized by publicizing, and advanced as a game, an ever increasing number of individuals have thought that it was alright to discard their cash on a garbage round of karma. Despite the fact that, for understudies betting makes cash for grants like the Arkansas Lottery grant. The Arkansas Lottery Commission is liable for giving diversion to people in general and expanding the income created. In spite of the fact that betting is taken a gander at both contrarily and emphatically everybody has their own feeling. They are for the most part assessments; by giving supporting realities for the two looks I have demonstrated that betting has its high points and low points. Neither out ways is the other betting something that will more than likely consistently be near. The betting business just exists on the grounds that there are individuals ready to chance their cash on a round of chance with the expectation that they will make a benefit. As a rule, the main individuals who benefit are the proprietors of club and other betting foundations, however there are a few people who are persuaded that their day will come. Is it worth the hazard to bet your life away? While doing research supporting betting it was discovered that betting is useful on the grounds that it invigorates the cerebrum and fortifies dynamic aptitudes. (Campbell) People bet, regardless of whether it is lawful or not, on the grounds that it encourages them face the world more effectively than they could without the flash which it gives. Betting is only an augmentation of diversion like going out to see the films or out to a game. Club and betting are innocuous with some restraint. They are helpful to the network and the individuals who live there. Authorized betting is a national sensation. The gaming business is prosperous and should keep growing.

Company Accounting Acquire Smaller Ltd

Question: Talk about theCompany Accountingfor Acquire Smaller Ltd. Answer: Presentation Organizations enlisted in Australia required following bookkeeping rules refered to by AASB for the planning of budget summaries. The goal of these principles is to guarantee monetary data of element in a reasonable way to help partners in settling on suitable choices (Dagwell, Wines and Lambert, 2011). The current examination is centered around getting ready solidified fiscal summaries by considering standards portrayed by arrangements of AASB 10. Section A Buy Analysis to Acquire Smaller Ltd Arrangements of AASB 3 build up standards for readiness and introduction of united budget reports in a circumstance where one substance forced controlling force on other element or elements through securing (Business blends, 2004). It likewise considers arrangements of area 334 of the Corporations Act 2001. As per arrangements of AASB 3, parent element is required to introduce merged budget summaries on the off chance that they build up power over different elements (Australian Accounting Standards, 2016). Buy Analysis to Acquire Smaller Ltd Estimation of Net Assets Resources Accumulations receivables. $ 25000 Trademarks licenses $ 600000 Stock $ 60000 Borrowers $ 59540 Prepaid costs $ 2900 Land $ 202000 Vehicles $ 29100 Profit and int. $ 2880 PPE $ 76560 Liabilities Unforeseen obligation $ 91500 Profit payable $ 4000 Loan bosses $ 13500 Different liabilities $ 10720 Debenture $ 50000 Offer capital $ 443400 Money $ 300000 Net resources $ 448540 Thought moved =$3 00 000 + 420,000 * (3/5) * 2.95 =$743,400 Altruism =$294860 Obtaining of Smaller Ltd had made generosity of $294860 as thought gave by the organization is higher in contrast with the estimation of net got through the procurement procedure. This shows Baxter Ltd had paid higher sum due to the market notoriety of Smaller Ltd as this procurement will give them non-money related advantages like increment in client advertise, cooperative energy advantage, improved profitability and different business points of interest (Jones and Ratnatunga, 2012). Recording of Acquisition in the General Journal as at 30th June 2X16 Collections receivables Dr. $ 25000 Trademarks licenses Dr $ 600000 Stock Dr $ 60000 Account holders Dr $ 59540 Prepaid costs Dr $ 2900 Land Dr $ 202000 Vehicles Dr $ 29100 Profit and int. Dr $ 2880 PPE Dr $ 76560 Altruism Dr $ 294860 Unforeseen risk Cr $ 91500 Profit payable Cr $ 4000 Loan bosses Cr $ 13500 Different liabilities Cr $ 10720 Debenture Cr $ 50000 Offer capital Cr $ 443400 Money Cr $ 300000 Note to the Accounts of Baxter Ltd In notes to account, Baxter Ltd is required to show whole procurement realities, for example, thought gave by isolating it in real money and value shares. Further, calculation of net resources is required to be appeared in a point by point way (Parker, 2013). The organization is likewise required to show the materialness of AASB 3 to guarantee that appropriate methodology is followed for a bookkeeping of procurement (Business blends, 2004). Further, valuation techniques for resources are to be expressed to give a brief of securing to partners. In a circumstance where reasonable revelations required by the obtaining and other Australian Accounting Standards can't meet these goals than in circumstance, Baxter Ltd is required to give exposure of other extra data which is important to meet those destinations (Jones and Ratnatunga, 2012). Part B Obtaining of Subby Ltd in the Books of Baxter Ltd Representing union in Baxter Ltd is required to be finished by considering arrangements of AASB 10 (Australian Accounting Standards, 2016). The holding organization has an administrative prerequisite to get ready solidified budget summaries as per the normalized bookkeeping approaches for monetary exchanges occurring in comparable conditions (Australian Accounting Standards, 2016). Based on this arrangements union of Baxter and Subby Ltd will be recorded in the accompanying way: Net reasonable estimation of recognizable resources and liabilities Offer capital + General reserve+ held benefit =$ 1839970 Portion of Baxter Ltd 1839970*.6 =$ 1103982 Thought moved = 420,000 * (1/4) * 2.95 +420,000 * (1/4) * 2.5 =$ 572250 Capital hold =$ 531732 Lawful and organization costs will be diminished from capital save, and net sum will be appeared in asset report of organization for example 793082. Alongside this, minority intrigue will likewise be recorded a minority enthusiasm for risk divide. Diary passages Held income Dr. $ 48170 Offer capital Dr. $ 11750000 General hold Dr. $ 41800 Offers in Subby Ltd. Cr. $ 572250 Business blend valuation hold Cr. $ 531732 Business blend valuation hold Dr $ 1300 To legitimate charges $ 1300 End The current examination shows consistence of AASB 3 and AASB 10 for a bookkeeping of Baxter Ltd to secure Smaller Ltd and Subby Ltd in a legitimate way. Money branch of the organization is required to think about these arrangements for readiness of fiscal reports. Further, legitimate revelation is to made in notes to records of the yearly report of an organization to give a superior comprehension to partners of the organization with respect to budgetary exchanges. References Books and Journals Dagwell, R., Wines, G. what's more, Lambert, C., 2011. Corporate Accounting in Australia. Pearson Higher Education. Jones, S. what's more, Ratnatunga, J., 2012. Contemporary Issues in Sustainability Accounting, Assurance and Reporting. Emerald Group Publishing. Parker, H. R., 2013. Bookkeeping in Australia (RLE Accounting): Historical Essays. Routledge. On the web Business blends. 2004. [Pdf]. Accessible through https://www.iasplus.com/en/double/au/dp2004-02.pdf. [Accessed on fourteenth December 2016]. Australian Accounting Standards. 2016. [Online]. Accessible through https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Australian-bookkeeping standards.aspx. [Accessed on fourteenth December 2016].

Medical Students Career - Free Essay Example

Study of Factors Influencing Medical Students in their Choice of Career Introduction What makes medicine such a sort-after field? Medicine today is a very highly regarded profession which is well compensated, provides excellent job security and has the opportunity to have a positive influence on the lives of many people1. Success in medicine requires hard work and application, both while learning and when entering practice2. However, it brings great rewards in terms of job satisfaction and the range of career opportunities within the profession3. Learning about and practicing medicine is also very pleasing, involving as it does a blend of human interactions and applied science2. The environment in which different types of medicine are practiced is rich and diverse and obviously continually changing, and doctors continue to learn throughout their working lives. That is why the students interested in medicine should have the capacity for, and interest in, a lifetime of learning about this fascinating subject. To get the most out of the course a student need to be a keen scientist, with a sound scientific understanding and determination and also an ability to cope up with the demands and pressures of early clinical training3. But are they actually aware of the high demands of this prestigious professional course Do they have a realistic understanding of what a career in medicine will involve? We often wonder, is it the genuine passion for the subject and the genuine interest to be of service to the mankind that make students do medicine or is it just their parents!!! This study gives us the opportunity to find out the factors that drove students to do medicine. If choosing the medical profession is not hard enough, medical students have an even bigger hurdle ahead of them, which is choosing their line of specialisation. Many factors affect the career choices of graduating medicalstudents. Influences such as strong mentors, formativeacademic and non-academic experiences, and career counselingcan all help aspiring physicians select their particular careers4.Similarly, market trends, self-perception of strengths and weaknesses,and anticipated lifestyle can also affect career choice5. It has often been questioned, is gender really an issue? Does money influence ones decisions? Or is it competition?! A large number of specialising fields and over 50 career options are available in medicine, assuring a medical graduate of finding a profession. But how many medical students are actually aware of these ca reer options? As mentioned earlier, medical profession brings great rewards in terms of job satisfaction and a variety of career opportunities. However, like any job, there are parts of a doctors work that are frustrating, undesirable, and even repetitive or boring. Studies show that doctors work far more hours than the average U.S. professional and cope with large amounts of stress and pressure6. Managed care has made it more difficult for U.S doctors to practice as they see fit and limit the amount of time that they can spend with patients. In fact, for some doctors, the upsides of the profession arent worth the sacrifice and hassles of the modern health-care environment4. This has lead to doctors with long and potentially bright careers to hang up their stethoscopes and quit! But is this the case when it comes to medical students in India? What makes them leave medicine despite the fact that theres a shortage of doctors making a ratio of one doctor per 1,634 people in India wh ich is considered to be extremely below the ideal standard of doctor-people ratio?7,8 Medical students attitude towards various clinical fields and post graduation has been a major focus of study in the U.S as well as in the United Kingdom, yet there have been very few studies and surveys done on the career choices of Indian medical students. Hence, little is known about career intentions or attitudes of medical students in India. This study aims to reporton the career intentions and attitudes of first and second year medical students. It gives us the opportunity to discover the factors that influence the medical students on their career choices. The study also shows how exposure to more clinically oriented medical professions will affect the choice of careers in medical students. Aims and Objectives The study aims to find out factors that influence the choice of career of medical students Objectives To find out the reasons for students to take up medicine as a course of further studies. To compare career intentions of 1st year medical students, early in their training, with 2nd year medical students of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, in relation to various socio-demographic correlates. To compare findings from the 2nd year batch with those from a similar survey conducted on the same batch last year. Methodology   We conducted a survey in the study setting of KMC Mangalore with the total study population of 393 MBBS students, which consisted of 216 1st year and 177 2nd year students. It was a cross sectional study which lasted from the dates of March 7th to March 14th, 2008. Data was collected through a pilot studied semi-structured questionnaire. The outline of the questionnaire was designed after referring to questionnaires used in similar studies like ours. Certain changes such as clearing any non-specific questions and adding more questions which seemed relevant to our study were made. Permission was obtained from the Associate Dean Dr. M.V. Prabhu and respective teachers. Then questionnaires were given out to consenting students. Collected data was tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS version 10 software. Results obtained were presented on tables and graphs wherever appropriate. Lastly the test of significance was carried out using ?2 test on tables in which we thought there would be significant values. Results The total study sample was 393 students, comprising of 216 1st year students and 177 2nd year students. The response rate among the 1st and 2nd year students was 98.18% and 100% respectively. Gender 1st Year (n=216) 2nd Year (n=177) Total (n=393) Male 94 (43.5%) 103 (58.2%) 197 (50.1%) Female 117 (54.2%) 71 (40.1%) 188 (47.8%) Table 2: Baseline Characteristics 1st Year (n=216) 2nd Year (n=177) Total (n=393) Schooling: Abroad 30 (13.9%) 43 (24.3%) 73 (18.6%) In India 170 (78.7%) 121 (68.4%) 291 (74%) Both 16 (7.4%) 9 (5.1%) 25 (6.4%) Before MBBS: School 121 (56%) 95 (50.7%) 216 (55%) Degree 5 (2.3%) 4 (2.25%) 9 (2.3%) Dropped 68 (31.5%) 50 (28.2%) 118 (30%) Others 19 (8.8%) 25 (14.1%) 44 (11.2%) Majority of the participants have done their schooling solely in India (74%). 55% of the respondents joined directly after school, whereas 30% dropped a year or 2 before joining college. 2.3% of the students had completed a degree prior to joining college. Both 1st year and 2nd year students chose the medical profession because they had a passion for the medical field. It seems that very few 2nd year students were forced by their parents (3.4%) as compared to the 1st year students (4.6%). On the other hand, there are very few students in the 1st year that chose medicine for job security (1.9%) unlike the 2nd year students who had a higher percentage of 15.3%. Job security parents insistence were the most unlikely reasons for 1st year 2nd year students respectively (Table 3). When asked about their future line of plan, had it not been MBBS, more than 100 students who responded in the OTHERS category specified that they would join ONLY MBBS. As expected, most students (37.2 %) felt that they would join engineering had they not been in MBBS. This may possibly be due to the fact that Mathematics is a compulsory subject during pre-university college. Paramedical/Allied Health Sciences were the least sought-after fields which were chosen by the 1st 2nd year students respectively (Table 4). Interestingly, ALL 1st year students wanted to pursue a PG degree while 4% of the 2nd year students DID NOT want to go in for post graduation perhaps due to the exposure to clinical postings? Both 1st and the 2nd year students seemed widely interested in doing an MD/MS (91.7% 86.4% respectively), with the next popular choice being MRCP/MRCS with only 7.4% 6.2% of 1st 2nd year students considering it . Even with the very little information they have, 86.6% of 1st year students wanted to go in for a clinical field 12.5% of the students could not decide about their choice of career, whereas 0.93% decided for a non-clinical field. Among the 2nd year students, 84.2% of the students decided for a clinical field, 7.9% having not decided yet 2.3% for a non-clinical field. This trend of more students opting for a clinical field may be due to the exposure to clinical postings during the 2nd year (Table 5). When asked about going in for super-specialization, 79.6% of 1st year students 64.4% of 2nd year students answered on the affirmative, 13.4% 25.4% answered against it while 6.9% 10.2% said they had not decided yet (Table 6). The general trend among 1st year students is to take up a career in surgery (40.7%) whereas for 2nd year students it is medicine (24.9%). The least sought after fields are Anaesthesiology for 1st year students ENT for 2nd year students (Table 7). Regarding non-clinical fields, Forensic Medicine is the most preferred non-clinical field among 1st years (5.1%) where as post-graduation research is more popular among 2nd years (2.8%) (Table 8). According to the data, there is no significant difference between male and female students choice of career with relation to choosing a clinical or a non-clinical field. 90.9% of the males 88.5% of the females taking the survey thought it would be a clinical field they would like to pursue (Table 9). When asked if there was a chance that the respondents would not be able to pursue the career of their choice, most students felt that Competition remained the major hurdle ahead of them. 27.3% of 1st year students 29.4% of 2nd year students felt that the stiff competition they face would stop them from going in for the career of their choice (Table 10). Majority of the 1st 2nd year students prefer to practice medicine in their own countries, rather than in a foreign country. This may possibly be due to the fact that most relatives kin are in their own country also, due to the possibility of an already functional medical set-up in the family. 33.3% of 1st year 26% of 2nd year students prefer to practice abroad, 5 of 2nd year students said they would leave medicine, but still stay in the country (Tables 11a 11b). It is seen that among all the respondents, 205 resident Indians, forming 52.16% of the students prefer to practice in their own country, whereas 25 of them (6.36%) preferred to practice abroad. 70 students (17.81% of students) said they had not decided yet depended on various factors. Among the Malaysians, 18 students (4.58%) prefer their own country, 1 student (0.25%) prefers practising abroad 8 students had not decided yet. 7 non-resident Indians (1.78%) wanted to practise in their own country, 6 students (1.52%) abroad 14 students (3.56%) had not decided yet (Table 12). Most students in 1st year (16.7%) 2nd year (7.3%) feel that if they were to go abroad, it would be due to better prospects available. A better financial reward was the next most popular reason for going abroad, with 10.6% of 1st year 6.8% of 2nd year students feeling so (Table 13). The current trend seems to be favoring multi-spec ialty hospitals over government hospitals. 50% of 1st year students 49.2% of 2nd year students preferred multi-specialty hospitals over other options. The next most sought work setting was Government Hospitals for 1st year students whereas it was private practice among 2nd year students (Table 14). For most students in both 1st year (4.6%) 2nd year (7.9%), hectic schedules seem to be the main reason for leaving medicine. Family obligations seem to affect the decisions of 1st year students (3.7%) more than that compared to 2nd year students (1.7%). It also seems as though 2nd year MBBS students are much more concerned with the competition in medicine (2.8%) than the 1st year students, perhaps due to more exposure to clinical fields (Table 15). Interestingly, exposure to clinically oriented medical profession has DECREASED the students interest to pursue further studies as well as choose a clinical field! Whereas 98% of 1st year students wanted to pursue a post-graduation cour se, only 94.4% of 2nd year students chose to go in for a post-graduation. Also, while 89.9% of 1st year students wanted to go in for a clinical field, only 84.2% of 2nd year students wanted to go in for a career in a clinically oriented field a very interesting find! (Table 16). There seem to be a dynamic shift in the career choice of the 2nd year MBBS students of the 2006 batch after clinical exposure. About a quarter of the students presently in 2nd year are inclined towards general medicine, compared to just 15.6% of the same students before clinical exposure. On the other hand, figures for a career in surgery have come down from 33.2% to 21.5% after clinics. Interest in pediatrics has also increased almost two-fold after clinical exposure (Table 17). Table 3:What drove students to choose medicine?  Ã‚   1st year 2nd year Total Passion for Medical Science 96 (44.4%) 91 (51.4%) 187 (47.6%) Inspired by Family Members 40 (18.5%) 37 (20.9%) 77 (19.6%) To help the Community 48 (22.2%) 25 (14.1%) 73 (18.6%) Forced by Parents 10 (4.6%) 6 (3.4%) 16 (4.1%) Job Security 4 (1.9%) 27 (15.3%) 31 (7.9%) Prestigious Profession 36 (16.7%) 30 (16.9%) 66 (16.8%) Others 8 (3.7%) 13 (7.3%) 21 (5.3%) Table 4:If not MBBS? 1st Year (n=216) 2nd Year (n=177) Total (n=393) Dental 19 (8.8%) 21 (11.9%) 40 (10.2%) Paramedical/Allied Health Sciences 11 (5.1%) 7 (4%) 18 (4.6%) Engineering 84 (38.9%) 62 (35%) 146 (37.2%) Others 95 (44%) 77 (43.6%) 172 (43.8%) Table 5: Post-graduation 1st year MBBS 2nd year MBBS Total Post-graduation Yes 214 (99.1%) 167 (94.4%) 381 (96.9%) No 0 (0%) 7 (4%) 7 (1.8%) p=0.0034,highly significant Choice of degree MD/MS 198 (91.7%) 153 (86.4%) 351 (89.3%) Diploma 1 (0.46%) 1 (0.56%) 2 (0.51%) DNB 1 (0.46%) 5 (2.8%) 6 (1.5%) MRCP/MRCS 16 (7.4%) 11 (6.2%) 27 (6.9%) ?2=3.935, p=0.268 Table 6: Future career intentions 1st Year (n=216) 2nd Year (n=177) Total (n=393) Clinical Field 187 (86.6%) 149 (84.2%) 336 (85.5%) Non- Clinical Field 2 (0 .93%) 4 (2.3%) 6 (1.5%) Not Decided 27 (12.5%) 14 (7.9%) 33 (8.4%) ?2=.456, p=0.499, not significant Super specialization Yes 172 (79.6%) 114 (64.4%) 286 (72.8%) No 29 (13.4%) 4 (25.4%) 74 (18.8%) Not Decided 15 (6.9%) 18 (10.2%) 33 (8.4%) ?2= 13.489, p=0.0012, highly significant Table 7:Preference for a profession in a CLINICAL Field: 1st year MBBS 2nd year MBBS Total Radiology 27 (12.5%) 17 (9.6%) 44 (11.2%) Medicine 43 (19.9%) 44 (24.9%) 87 (22.1%) Orthopedics 14 (6.5%) 15 (8.5%) 29 (7.4%) Pediatrics 30 (13.9%) 39 (22%) 69 (17.6%) Dermatology 4 (1.9%) 5 (2.8%) 9 (2.3%) ENT 3 (1.4%) 2 (1.1%) 5 (1.3%) OBGYN 23 (10.6%) 13 (7.3%) 36 (9.2%) Surgery 88 (40.7%) 38 (21.5%) 126 (32.1%) Community Med 3 (1.7%) 3 (0.76%) Ophthalmology 4 (1.9%) 4 (2.3%) 8 (2%) Anesthesiology 1 (0.46%) 4 (2.3%) 5 (1.3%) Psychiatry 15 (6.9%) 5 (2.8%) 20 (5.1%) Table 8: Preference for a profession in a NON CLINICAL Field   1st year MBBS 2nd year MBBS Total Anatomy 3 (1.4%) 3 (0.76%) Physiology 1 (0.46%) 1 (0.25%) Pathology 3 (1.4%) 3 (.76%) Forensic Med 11 (5.1%) 2 (1.1%) 13 (3.3%) Hospital M. 5 (2.3%) 4 (2.3%) 9 (2.3%) Others 14 (6.5%) 3 (1.7%) 17 (4.3%) Table 8: Preference for a profession in a NON CLINICAL Field Contd Research 4 (1.9%) 5 (2.8%) 9 (2.3%) Not Yet Though Of 9 (4.2%) 6 (3.4%) 15 (3.8%) Dont Know 1 (0.46%) 2 (1.1%) 3 (.76%) Still Undecided 17 (7.9%) 18 (10.2%) 35 (8.9%) Table 9: Is GENDER really an issue? Clinical Field Non Clinical Field Not Decided Male 170 (90.9%) 3 (1.6%) 14 (7.5%) Female 162 (88.5%) 3 (1.6%) 18 (9.8%) Table 10: Reasons for NOT pursuing the career of choice: 1st year MBBS 2nd year MBBS Total Not Pursuing a career Yes 70 (32.4%) 84 (47.5%) 154 (39.2%) No 114 (52.8%) 61 (34.5%) 175 (44.5%) Reasons for not Pursuing Career Working Hours 4 (1.9%) 9 (5.1%) 13 (3.3%) Income 8 (3.7%) 7 (4%) 15 (3.8%) Competition 59 (27.3%) 52 (29.4%) 111 (28.2%) Job Security 6 (2.8%) 1 (0.56%) 7 (1.8%) Lifestyle 11 (5.1%) 10 (5.6%) 21 (5.3%) Reputation 4 (1.9%) 1 (0.56%) 5 (1.3%) Others 6 (2.8%) 6 (3.4%) 12 (3.1%) Table 11 a:What the future holds for a medical student? 1st year MBBS 2nd year MBBS Total Practice in Own Country Yes 129 (59.7%) 118 (66.7%) 247 (62.8%) No 18 (8.3%) 18 (10.2%) 36 (9.2%) Not Decided 66 (30.6%) 35 (19.8%) 101 (25.7%) Table 11 b: What the future holds for a medical student? 1st year MBBS 2nd year MBBS Total Practice Abroad 72 (33.3%) 46 (26%) 118 (30%) Leaving Medicine Staying in Country 7 (4%) 7 (1.8%) Not Applicable 68 (31.5%) 42 (23.7%) 110 (28%) Table 12:Where do students prefer to practice? Practice in own country Practice Abroad Not Decided Resident Indians 205 (52.16%) 25 (6.36%) 70 (17.81%) NRI 7 (1.78%) 6 (1.52%) 14 (3.56%) Malaysian 18 (4.58%) 1 (0.25%) 8 (2.03%) US 6 (1.52%) 1 (0.25%) 2 (0.50%) UK 1 (0.25%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.25%) Others 8 (2.03%) 3 (0.76%) 4 (1.01%) Total 245 36 99 ?2=10.776, p=0.001, very highly significant Table 13:Reasons for Going Abroad 1st year MBBS 2nd year MBBS Total Better Quality Life 12 (5.6%) 10 (5.6%) 22 (5.6%) Financially Rewarding 23 (10.6%) 12 (6.8%) 35 (8.9%) Job Satisfaction 8 (3.7%) 5 (2.8%) 13 (3.3%) Better Prospects 36 (16.7%) 13 (7.3%) 49 (12.5%) Others 5 (1.3%) 5 (2.8%) 10 (2.5%) Not Applicable 46 (21.3%) 30 (16.9%) 76 (19.3%) Table 14:Preference of work setting 1st year MBBS 2nd year MBBS Total Private Practice 29 (13.4%) 38 (21.5%) 67 (17.0%) Multi-Specialty 107 (50%) 87 (49.2%) 194 (49.4%) Medical College 7 (3.2%) 7 (4%) 14 (3.6%) Government Hospital 43 (20%) 22 (12.4%) 65 (16.5%) Others 2 (0.93%) 0 (0%) 2 (0.51%) ?2=7.884, p=.0489, significant Table 15: What Makes Students Leave Medicine? 1st year MBBS 2nd year MBBS Total Reasons for Leaving Medicine: Bleak Future 3 (1.4%) 3 (1.7%) 6 (1.5%) Stiff Competition 6 (2.8%) 6 (3.4%) 12 (3.1%) Hectic Schedule 10 (4.6%) 14 (7.9%) 24 (6.1%) Table 15: What Makes Students Leave Medicine? Contd Family Business 5 (2.3%) 3 (1.7%) 8 (2.0%) Family Obligations 8 (3.7%) 3 (1.7%) 11 (2.8%) Others 6 (2.8%) 10 (5.6%) 16 (4.1%) Not Applicable 110 (50.9%) 67 (37.9%) 177 (45.0%) Table 16: Influence of exposure to clinically oriented medical profession on the choice of careers of medical students-1 1st year MBBS (2006) 2nd year MBBS (2007) Total Post-graduation Yes 195 (98%) 167 (94.4%) 362 (96.3%) No 3 (1.5%) 7 (4%) 10 (2.7%) ?2=2.227, p=0.136, not significant Clinical Field 179 (89.9%) 149 (84.2%) 328 (87.2%) Non Clinical Field 15 (7.5%) 4 (2.3%) 19 (5.1%) ?2=4.328, p=0.0375, significant Table 17: Influence of exposure to clinically oriented medical profession on the choice of careers of medical students-2 1st year MBBS (2006) 2nd year MBBS (2007) Total Medicine 31 (15.6%) 44 (24.9%) 75 (19.9%) Orthopaedics 7 (3.5%) 15 (8.5%) 22 (5.9%) Paediatrics 23 (11.6%) 39 (22%) 62 (16.5%) OBGYN 10 (5.0%) 13 (7.3%) 23 (6.1%) Surgery 66 (33.2%) 38 (21.5%) 104 (27.7%) ?2=16.747, p=0.0022, highly significant Discussion There were quite interesting findings in our cross sectional study involving 1st and 2nd year students of KMC Mangalore. Our findings this year were compared with a similar survey done last year on the 2006 batch, when they were in their 1st year. We also did a critical analysis and comparison of our data with similar surveys and studies conducted in India as well as in other parts of the world. One of our objectives was to find out what drove students to choose medicine as a further course of study. According to our data, genuine interest and passion for the subject made majority of students, accounting for 83.5%, to choose medicine. In contrast to our findings, a similar cross sectional study by Panna et al among a group of 1st year students in Delhi showed that students desire to serve the sick in the society made them chose medicine9. However, there were similar findings in both studies, such as parents profession; a majority of students parents were in to me dical profession. Hence, the fact that having parents as doctors influencing students choice to take up a career in medicine can not be ruled out. After completing the basic MBBS degree, students face the bigger hurdle of choosing their line of specialisation. Our data indicated that majority of students (96.9%) wanted to do their post-graduation either in a clinical field (85.5%) or a non-clinical filed (1.5%). 72.8% of the students even wanted to go in to super specialisation. Similarly Panna et al data shows that majority of Delhi students also wanted to pursue a post graduate degree. Studies by Azizzadeh et al and similar studies by Nellens et al regarding future choice of specialty among medical students showed that majority of first year students chose medicine to help the patients 10, 11. A good number chose internal medicine followed by surgery. This is similar to the survey taken by us of the 2nd year students where medicine was the popular choice. Most of the 1st yea rs of KMC Mangalore had chosen surgery over medicine .This difference is probably due to the exposure to clinical postings by the 2nd year students. Our study found out that 32% students overall wanted to do surgery which is consistent with the study done by Tambyraja and co-workers12. Their study was based on attitudes of medical students toward careers in surgery. Career ambitions and reasoning of a group of final year students who completed their general surgery attachment in a UK medical school was assessed through a questionnaire-based survey. 40% students would consider a career in general surgery, and 39% would not; 29% were undecided. The two most popular attractions to general surgery were challenging postgraduate training and highly regarded career esteem. The two most common disincentives were family considerations and the sacrifice of personal time. Thus the percentage of medical students favouring surgery seems to be independent of any socio-demographic difference s between India and the UK. Kuhnigk et al studied the attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry and psychotherapy13. The more positive the psychiatry course was rated, the more positive attitudes towards psychiatry were. Female students and students with psychiatry/psychotherapy experience had a significantly more positive attitude towards psychiatry as a subject. Overall 5.8% of all students chose psychiatry as a career choice. The study concluded that a positive education experience as well as personal experience increases the probability of a positive student attitude towards psychiatry. It remains to be investigated, however, whether an improvement in the attitudes of students towards the psychiatry discipline is sufficient to increase the number of students who would like to become psychiatrists or whether other factors are more deciding such as career opportunities, conditions of further education, or income potential. Our study found that 6.1% of students wanted to do psychiatry which is consistent with the above study. Thus the percentage of medical students favoring psychiatry seems to be independent of any socio demographic differences between India and the UK. According to our data, 1.9% of 1st year students wanted to chose ophthalmology where as an increased number of 2nd year students accounting for 2.3% opted for ophthalmology. This increase in number could be explained by the students increased exposure to different clinical fields and also by an increased awareness of lifestyle advantages with particular benefits. However, the fact that both 1st year and 2nd year students of our sample had not taken ophthalmology postings can not be ruled out. Maybe we would have obtained an entirely different set of responses had they been exposed to at least one of the ophthalmology postings. Hence, it will be interesting to carry out further investigations in our college regarding this particular choice of career. However, Lambert and co-work ers conducted an extensive survey which involved medical students from year 1975-200514. The aim was to study the trends of career choices for ophthalmology among UK medical graduates. According to their data ophthalmology was the first choice of long term career for 2.3% of men and 1.5% of women one year after qualification; 2.0% of men and 1.4% of women three years after; and 1.8% of men and 1.2% of women at five years. Comparing early choices with eventual destinations, 64% who chose ophthalmology in year one, 84% in year three, and 92% in year five eventually practiced in the specialty. The concordance between year one choice and eventual destination was higher for ophthalmology than for most other specialties. ‘Enthusiasm for and commitment to the specialty was the most important single factor in influencing career choice. The prospect of good working hours and conditions was also an important influence: it influenced career choice a great deal for a higher percentage of those who chose ophthalmology (66% in the third year) than those who made other surgical choices (23%). Lambert et al conclude that those choosing ophthalmology show a high level of commitment to it. Their commitment is strengthened by the prospect of attractive hours and working conditions. Many doctors who become ophthalmologists have already made their choice by the end of their first post-qualification year. A study by Sinclair and co-workers showed that females were more positive about a career in general practice15. General practice was the first choice for 13% of students. Those choosing general practice were more likely than those choosing other specialties to be female and to rate their academic abilities lower and their non-academic abilities as average, and have decided on their future career earlier. Reasons for general practice included: working in and being part of a community; continuity of patient contact; variety of illnesses and people encountered; undergradu ate teaching experiences; dislike of or disillusionment with hospital medicine; and an increasing awareness of part-time opportunities. Our study however indicates that no students have chosen general practice. This may be explained by the increased exposure to general practitioners and patients in the teaching program and the increasing awareness of lifestyle advantages with the particular benefits of more regular hours and working part time which may come after further clinical exposure as the surveyed students have limited exposure. This is indicated as the above study found an increasing tendency towards this specialty as the students advanced in the course and had more clinical exposure. A study by Dorsey and co-workers,on relationship between specialty choices of clinical and non-clinical fields with controllable life styles and gender in the United States showed that the number of women choosing specialties with controllable life style increased from 18% in 1996 to 36% 200 35. Interestingly, the study found out that women are more likely to pursue an uncontrollable lifestyle specialty than men! But according to our survey this was not the case. Our survey covered a similar objective which was whether gender bias is actually a real reason why a medical student chooses a particular medical profession. Our final data showed that 90.9% of males chose a clinical field while only 88.5% of females chose the clinical field. Although, when it came to choosing a non clinical field both males and females had an equal percentage of responses of 1.6%. There seemed to be slight difference again when it came to males and females being undecided, this is because 7.5% of males were undecided while 9.8% of females were undecided. Hence, our study shows that there is no significant difference between male and female students choice of career with relation to choosing a clinical filed, which offers more of an uncontrollable lifestyle or a non-clinical field, which compa ratively offers a controllable lifestyle. Reason for this observation could be due to the fact that there has been little exposure to clinical fields through postings so far, thus few students in KMC realize the realities in terms of working hours, stress, pressure and challenges, of some clinical fields. Fysh et al, found out that while medicine in general is becoming more female-dominated, women are still under-represented in surgery16. Opinion is divided as to whether this is due to lifestyle considerations, disinterest or perceived discrimination. It is not clear at what stage these careers decisions are made. While men represented only 38% of the student population, they represented over two-thirds of the students wishing to pursue a career in surgery. Women still opt for general practice and pediatrics. Our study however indicates that there is no gender disparity in career choice concerning surgery. This may be because there has been little exposure to surgery so far, thus few students in KMC realize the realities (working hours so not favored by female students and challenges) of surgery. A similar study by Williams et al17 showed that there was a gender bias when picking certain professions, especially when it came to surgery. The study showed that females actually did not want to choose the profession of surgery due to reasons such as surgical experience in medical school, lack of involvement of teachers and students during postings, and the general arrogant attitude of surgeons. According to the survey, while orthopedics cardiothoracic show very less representation of women, pediatrics and general practice seemed to be more popular among women. The differences in our study and the surveys conducted previously could have resulted due to the different geographical locations and sample size. Another reason a difference might have arisen in the studies is due to the fact that both studies took two different levels of students. Our study took first and second year MMBS students, who are relatively fresh into the medical field and do not have as much exposure to all the clinically oriented professions. On the other hand the previous surveys took samples that consisted of post graduate students. Since post graduate students had more exposure to all the clinical fields, they seem to know all the difficulties of the profession unlike the 1st and 2nd year students which would affect there choice in choosing the profession. In India, there are 271 medical colleges, out of which 138 are government colleges and remaining 133 are private. They have a cumulative intake capacity of 31,172 seats in the graduate courses whereas nearby 11,005 post-graduate seats are available in various courses of all medical colleges and hospitals per year7,8. According to the Medical Council of India statistics, there are a total number of 675334 allopathic doctors registered in the country up to 31st March 20077. This makes a ratio of one doctor per 1,634 people in India which is extremely below the ideal standard of doctor-people ratio. These data shows that there is a serious shortage problem of legal and recognized medical practitioners nationwide, especially in rural and urban areas. According to the Health Minister Dr Anbumani Ramadoss, to overcome the critical shortage of medical practitioners in India, the government has adopted a quicker but significant step to recognize the postgraduate medical degrees obtained from five English-speaking countries namely, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. Besides this, the government has requested the medical professionals including Non-resident (NRI) and Overseas Indians who are working in those countries to return home and do their practice in India8. Though the government is planning to curb the problem of shortage of doctors by recruiting NRI doctors and recognizing foreign PG degrees, this might not be the case when it comes to a long t erm solution. Our study shows that, though there is a majority of 62.8% students who wanted to practice in India, there are still a considerable number of students accounting for 30% who wants to go abroad to practice. This does not seem like a good trend, considering the current situation of shortage of doctors in the country. Our study shows that the main reason for students to pursue a career abroad is the fact that there are better prospects (12.5%). 6.8% of students and 5.6% of students thought it is best to practice abroad since it is more financially rewarding and there is a better quality of life respectively. Interestingly our study shows that there is a considerable number of students who wish to leave medicine after finishing the basic MBBS. The main reason for this appeared to be hectic time schedules (6.1%) and other reasons being stiff competition (3.1%) and family obligations (2.8%). On the other hand, when inquired about the preferred practice setting, students of KMC have chosen to work in multi-specialty hospitals where as Delhi College students preferred to practice in a private hospital as opposed to a government hospital9. Recommendations Though our study can not be applied to all the medical students nationwide, due to various demographic changes, our data does give an overall view as to where the problem lies when it comes to graduating medical students leaving the country as well as the profession as a whole. The analysis of the data obtained from the medical students of their career intentions informs the administration of current issues in medical education which would prevent one from taking up a certain specialized field or which would make a medical student leave the country or the profession, and facilitates appropriate action. Trends in career preference can be tracked for many years through studies like ours. Trend analysis of multiple years of data can identify positive and negative trends at medical schools nationwide . This will aid the authorities to come up with long term solutions for various issues including the critical shortage of physicians which the country is experiencing currently. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) maintains a data bank of ‘Medical School Graduation Questionnaires (GQ data bank)18. The questions posed by the 2008 GQ focus on issues critical for all medical students and educators, including the questions related to their specialty choices and career aspirations. In contrast there is very less data available on attitude and career intentions as well as other issues concerning the medical students in India. Hence it is advisable to maintain a similar data base for Indian Medical students. The data collected can be used for medical school program evaluation, for priority-setting, for program and policy development as well as for research purposes. Reference 1. Newton, D., Grayson, M., Thompson, L.F., (2005) The variable Influence of Life style Income on Medical Students career specialty Choices. Academic Medicine 80; 809-814. 2. University of Cambridge UK (Online) 2008 (cited 2008 March 28); Available from: https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate_courses/medicine.html 3. University of Cambridge UK (Online) 2008 (cited 2008 March 28); Available from: https://www.cam.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/medicine/index.html 4. George, V., Richard, Deanne, M., Nakamoto, Lockwood, J.H., (2007) Medical Career Choices: Traditional and New Possibilities. JAMA 285; 2249-2250. 5. Dorsey, R. E., Jarjoura, D., Gregory, W. (2005). The influence of controllable life style and sex on the specialty choices of graduating medical students. Academic Medicine 80 (9): 791-796 6. Arenson D. CLL Diary: When leaving Medicine is the best Medicine (Online) 2006 (cited 2008 March 28); Available from: https://clldiary.blogspot.com/2006/04/when-leaving-medicine-is-best-medicine.html 7. News Track India (Online) 2007 (cited 2 008 March 28); Available from: https://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2813 8. Medical Council of India (Online) 2008 (cited 2008 March 28); Available from: www.mciindia.org/tools/ann_reports/index.htm 9. Panna, L., Chatna, M. Career Aspirations and Apprehensions regarding medical education among 1st year medical students in Delhi. (www.ijcm.org) 10. Azziadesh, et al, Factors influencing career choice among medical students interested in surgery. 11. Nellens, B.S Hutchinsons, G. Factors affecting future choice of speciality among 1st year students of the University of the West Indies Trinidad. 12. Tambyraja, A.L., McCrea, C.A., Parks, R.W., Garden, O.J. Attitudes of Medical Students toward Careers in General Surgery. (Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences (Surgery), School of Clinical Sciences Community Health, University of Edinburgh). 13. Kuhnigk, O., Strebel, B., Schilauske, J Jueptner, M. Attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry: effects of training, courses in psychiatry, psychiatric experience and gender. (Prodekanat fuer Lehre, Martinstr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany). 14. Lambert, T. W., Goldacre1, M.J., Anthony, J.B., (2008) Career choices for ophthalmology made by newly qualified doctors in the United Kingdom, 1974-2005. BMC Ophthalmology; 8:3 15. Sinclair, H.K., Ritchie, LD., Lee, A. J. A. Future career in General Practice. (Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK). 16. Fysh, T.H.S., Thomas, G., Ellis, H. (2007) Who wants to be a surgeon? BMC Medical Education 7:2. 17. Williams, C. Cantillon., P (2000) A surgical career? The views of junior women doctors. Medical Education 34; 602-607. 18. Association of American Medical Colleges: Surveys Data (Online) 2008 (cited 2008 March 28); Available from: https://www.aamc.org/data/gq/start.htm 19. Rao, N.R, Meinzer, A.E., Manley, M., Chagwedera, Iris. (1998) International Medical Students Career Choice, At titudes toward Psychiatry, and Emigration to the United States. Academic Psychiatry 22; 2 20. Lambert, T., Goldacre, M., Davidson, M., Parkhouse, J. (2001) Graduate status age at entry to medical school as predictors of doctors choice of long term career. Medical education 35; 450-454. 21. Henderson, E., Berline, A., Fuller, J., (2002) Attitude of medical students towards general practice and general practitioners. British Journal of Medical practice May 22. Fysh, T.H., Thomas G., Ellis, H. Gender Disparity in Surgery (Department of Surgery, RCHT Treliske, Treliske, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3LJ, UK)

Essay on Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of...

Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice The Merchant of Venice, a tragic- comedy written in the late 16th century by the greatest known English author, William Shakespeare. This is a tale set in the heart of Venice, amongst the Venetian Christians and Jews. The history of the Jews is marked by terrible hardship and atrocities; Jewish people kept up their customs and religion formed tight knit communities and became known for their intelligent hard work and business expertise. These qualities sometimes led to them being mistrusted and resented in the community of Venice in those times. This was especially the case in Christian countries, where there were strong anti- Semitic†¦show more content†¦In relationship to the Merchant of Venice and Shylock’s character, is another partially similar play otherwise known as the ‘Jew of Malta.’ Written by Christopher Marlowe, (produced in the 1590 and published in 1633) it is a play filled with blood and murder, also favourite topics of the Elizabethan audi ence, who embraced the bloody revenge tragedies. The image of the Jew ‘Barabas’ in the play is a greedy usurer, who would rather be a hated, envied and ill-treated Jew than a poor Christian. This was a common image to be portrayed in the English theatre of a Jewish person. The play starts with, Bassanio, a Venetian nobleman who seems to have financial difficulties; however he wishes to compete for the hand of Portia, a wealthy heiress of Belmont, in order to restore his fortune. 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They were known for their intelligence, hard work and business acumen, which later led them to be mistreated and resented. They were made to wear distinctive clothing in order to be identified, and citizens of Venice could treat Jews in any way they wished. The Christian church also taught that JewsRead MoreShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice A key feature of the play The Merchant Of Venice is the issue of whether Shylock is a victim or a villain. This issue is raised at many crucial points most of which can be separated into the categories victim or villain. Act 1 Scene 3 displays Shylock as a sensible business man. This is our first introduction of Shylock and therefore produces our first impressions. The first point where Shylocks character isRead MoreEssay Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice2094 Words   |  9 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice By the end of Act 4 scene 1, my view of Shylock is a man who wishes to get revenge at society by trying to take the flesh of a Venetian merchant because of the prejudices that are thrown at him. Shylock is a rich Jewish moneylender and a widow whose daughter has eloped with a Christian, Lancelot. Shylock is treated with the lowest kind of integrity and respect in Venice this was normal for Jews in the VictorianRead MoreSympathizing with Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1596 Words   |  7 PagesSympathizing with Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice In the Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare creates an atmosphere throughout the play, which causes the audience to sympathize with Shylock. Shakespeare uses key events, and dialogue to influence the audience. At the time Shakespeare wrote his plays, and they were performed, the contemporary audience would have mainly consisted of Christians. Jews were often persecuted, as they were the minority.Read MoreShylock as the Villain in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1948 Words   |  8 PagesShylock as the Villain in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice William Shakespeare wrote The Merchant of Venice in about 1597. It was first performed by The Chamberlains Men at the Theatre Shoreditch. The Merchant of Venice was in the repertory of Shakespeares company before they took up residence at the Globe in 1599. The play was written as a comedy, but has become a serious drama. In order to answer the question it is vital to look at the pervading

Teaching Roles and Responsibilities Essay - 746 Words

I am currently in a teaching role in various disciplines and with different groups of Learners. For this assignment I will be describing my role, responsibilities and boundaries with a group of learners who are employed at a factory in Gateshead, these learners are working towards a qualification in Fabrication and Welding, 1. Identify Needs At first contact with the learners I introduced myself and briefly explained why I was there and then asked them each in turn to introduce themselves and briefly explain heir job role. After initial introductions I started to explain in more detail the requirement for each of them to achieve the above qualification, which is to confirm their knowledge and competentance to carry out engineering†¦show more content†¦My role primarily is that of Trainer /Assessor,secondly as co-ordinator/ administrator .I am responsible for accurate completion of documentation, assessment material and quality of training. 3. Delivery First of all as a Trainer I am responsible for the safety of each learner, to make sure that the training facility is adequate, safe and condisive to learning. The practical training will be carried out 1 to 1 using the†Demming Cycle† type approach (Plan Do Check Act) or Watch Do Learn .Each learner will plan to join metals by welding, produce a weld, visualy and physicaly check the integrity of the welded joint then act by changing the machine settings or the method and repeat this process. As Assessor I am responible for making fair assessment decisions on the learners competance, one of the boudaries when I make the decision is that the learner is proficient on their own and can repetedly produce acceptable work without me doing it for them. 4. Assessment Once each learner has reached a level of competance to meet the standards I will help them to provide evidence of their performance and knowledge. The learners performance will be recorded with assessor observation reports and photographs of the work produced all authenticated with the learners signiture. Feedback will be given to each learner orally and rocorded in their I.L.P. Evidence of knowlegde is provided by written answers to question papers,Show MoreRelatedTeaching Training Role And Responsibilities807 Words   |  4 Pages301. (a) Explain the teaching training role and responsibilities in education training, Identifying Needs. ROLES, Teacher, Assessor, Reviewer. Responsibilities; It will be important to identify the needs of the learners so that you can plan / design the course to meet the individual requirements of the learners, this may be carried out through interview prior to the course taking place or through an applicationRead MoreRole, Responsibilities and Boundaries Within Teaching1173 Words   |  5 PagesCourse Title .Understand own role, responsibilities and boundaries of role in relation to teaching Chris Hirst PTLLS Preparing to Teach in Lifelong Learning Sector Level 3 Award Depending on the organisation, your role, responsilbities and boundaries as a teacher will depend on five areas of the teaching/learning cycle. The purpose of the cycle is to educate, communicate, and motivate students to learn. Identifying the learners needs Role of the teacher is to identify the individualRead MoreThe Teaching Cycle and the Associated Responsibilities and Roles of the Teacher1649 Words   |  7 Pagesarticles and books that refer to the teaching cycle and the associated roles and responsibilities of the teacher, most articles refer to either a four or five stage cycle. In this assignment I will cover the five stage cycle and concentrate on my role and responsibilities as a teacher in the lifelong learning sector. Wilson 2009 states that the teacher cycle should be a structured process, so it is split into five sections placing the teacher roles and responsibility into various groups. The cycleRead MorePTLLS Assignment 1: Roles and Responsibilities in the Teaching Cycle2088 Words   |  9 Pages1. Describe what your role, responsibilities and boundaries would be as a teacher in terms of the teaching/training cycle. My role as a teacher In her book Preparing to teach in the Lifelong Learning sector 2011 (P9), Ann Gravells explains that â€Å"Your main role as a teacher should be to teach your subject in a way that actively involves and engages your students during every session.† Beyond this, my role as a teacher of business management extends to firstly being an exemplar of good managementRead MoreDescribe What Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries Would Be as a Teacher in Terms of the Teaching/Training Cycle763 Words   |  4 Pages Brenda Diskin Describe what your role, responsibilities and boundaries would be as a teacher in terms of the teaching/training cycle – theory assignment 1 (23/09/09) Roles, responsibilities and boundaries are qualities which the teacher/trainer incorporates into the teaching/training cycle; the cycle consists of identifying needs, planning and designing, delivery, assessment, and evaluation. My role as a teacher/trainer is to first identify what needs to be taughtRead MoreDescribe What Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries Would Be as a Teacher in Terms of the Teaching Training Cycle6111 Words   |  25 PagesLifelong Learning Sector Assignment 1 - Theory 1 Describe what your role, responsibilities and boundaries would be as a teacher in terms of the teaching training cycle. I am tutoring adults to achieve an A1 qualification - qualifies the learners to assess an NVQ in the job and area of expertise that they are competent in. The teacher training cycle is divided into 5 parts and supports the tutors roles and responsibilities. PLAN – Advertising the qualification. I advertise the qualificationRead MoreDescribe What Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries Would Be as a Teacher in Terms of the Teaching Training Cycle6099 Words   |  25 Pagesthe Lifelong Learning Sector Assignment 1 - Theory 1 Describe what your role, responsibilities and boundaries would be as a teacher in terms of the teaching training cycle. I am tutoring adults to achieve an A1 qualification - qualifies the learners to assess an NVQ in the job and area of expertise that they are competent in. The teacher training cycle is divided into 5 parts and supports the tutors roles and responsibilities. PLAN – Advertising the qualification. I advertise the qualification toRead MoreDescribe What Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries Would Be as a Teacher or Trainer in Terms of the Teaching and Learning Cycle. How Might â€Å"Equality†, â€Å"Diversity† and â€Å"Inclusion† Impact on a Learner’s Experience?1081 Words   |  5 Pageswhat your role, responsibilities and boundaries would be as a teacher or trainer in terms of the teaching and learning cycle. How might â€Å"equality†, â€Å"diversity† and â€Å"inclusion† impact on a learner’s experience? Give examples from your own experience and research to support your assertions. â€Å"This submission is entirely my own work unless I have used quotation marks to indicate my reference to the work of others† As a teacher or trainer, there are a variety of roles and responsibilities that areRead MoreRoles and Responsibility Essay835 Words   |  4 PagesRoles and Responsibilities This essay is to evaluate what your role, responsibilities and boundaries as a teacher would be in terms of the teaching/training cycle. In order for one to completely explore the task expected from the author, it is paramount to understand the meaning of the terminology used in this essay. The author begins by giving a brief definition of â€Å"roleâ€Å". According to the dictionary, role is defined as one’s part, expected function, job, duty, task, responsibility.Read MorePTLLS Overview1077 Words   |  5 PagesCredit value GLH A Roles and responsibilities and relationships in lifelong learning 4 3 12 Learning outcomes: The learner will Assessment Criteria: The learner can 1. Understand own role and responsibilities in lifelong learning 1.1 Summarise key aspects of legislation, regulatory requirements and codes of practice relating to own role and responsibilities 1.2 Analyse own responsibilities for promoting equality and valuing diversity 1.3 Evaluate own role and responsibilities in lifelong learning

Ernest hemingway 2 Essay Example For Students

Ernest hemingway 2 Essay Final Draft Hemingway EssayA good writer’s objective is to say as much as possible as briefly as possible. This enables the thinking about the implications of the word’s presented. Ernest Hemingway explained this idea in his â€Å"iceberg† theory of writing fiction in an interview for Paris Review: â€Å" If it is any use to know it, I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There are seven-eighths of it under water for every part that shows.† In order to expand on the meaning of his plots and characters, Hemingway used symbols and extended meanings to supply the unstated and submerged portion of his stories. The story â€Å" Hills Like White Elephants† is an excellent example of Hemingway’s â€Å"iceberg† principal with its extensive use of literary symbols. In Hemingway’s â€Å"iceberg† theory of writing, Hemingway wants readers to â€Å"read in-between lines† and derive the true meaning of the story. To do this, you must interpret the symbolism Hemingway uses. The story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† is about a man and a woman who are at a train station in Madrid, Spain. The woman is pregnant and the man and the woman are discussing whether the woman should have an abortion operation. They have only forty minutes (the time they have to wait for their train to arrive) to make their decision. At the end of the story, the woman is still not certain if she should have the abortion operation. In â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, there are many examples of the â€Å"iceberg† theory. One strong example was when the woman, referring to the hills, says,â€Å" They look like white elephants.† The woman later says, in response to the man’s request of trying to have a fine time,â€Å" All right. I was trying. I said the mountains looked like white elephants. Wasn’t that bright?†The white elephants in these two statements symbolize the woman’s mythical dreams. The white elephants were just a figment of her imagination. The background and the horizon of the hills represent all the remote possibilities for the resolution of their current problem. Another example of Hemingway’s iceberg theory in the story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† is the two sides of the valley; â€Å" The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no trees and the station was between two lines of rails in the sun.† The detailed symbolism of the two sides of the valley represent the two characters, the man and the woman. The man is represented by the dark and shadowy side of the valley represents the man. This side represents the man because darkness represents evil and the man is cold hearted because he wants the woman to get an abortion. Meanwhile, the light side of the valley represents the woman because the woman is open to all suggestions and doesn’t really want to kill her baby. Hemingway, in his iceberg theory, writes only a proportion of what he actually means. By doing this, he allows the reader to think deeply about what the reader has read and the message Hemingway is sending to the reader.